A Caravela

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A caravela foi muito importante no desenvolvimento da navegação marítima.
{{The caravel was very important in the development of maritime navigation.}}

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Tem as suas origens nos antigos barcos de pesca portugueses,
{{It has its origins in the old Portuguese fishing boats,}}

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construídos no século XIII, derivados do qārib mouro.
{{built in the 13th century, derived from the Moorish “qārib”.}}

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Ansioso por iniciar viagens exploratórias em meados do século XV,
{{Eager to begin exploratory voyages in the mid-15th century,}}

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Henrique o Navegador viu o potencial destes navios ágeis e manobráveis,
{{Henry the Navigator saw the potential in these nimble, maneuverable ships}}

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que utilizavam velas triangulares, capazes de navegar à bolina.
{{that used triangular sails, capable of sailing upwind.}}

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Eram uma bênção para os marinheiros que podiam explorar a linha costeira africana,
{{They were a boon to sailors who could explore the African coastline,}}

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e com a sua quilha rasa também podiam navegar rio acima.
{{and with their shallow keel they could also sail upriver.}}

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Isto contrastava com os antigos cargueiros mediterrânicos mais pesados,
{{This was in contrast to the heavier old Mediterranean freighters,}}

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com um mastro e uma vela quadrada fixa utilizada na época.
{{with one mast and one fixed square sail used at the time.}}

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A velocidade, economia e agilidade da caravela
{{The speed, economy, and agility of the caravel}}

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tornaram-na a melhor embarcação à vela do seu tempo.
{{made it the finest sailing vessel of its time.}}

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Os exploradores da época dos Descobrimentos enfrentavam enormes desafios,
{{The explorers of the Age of Discovery faced enormous challenges,}}

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tanto em termos de segurança como o receio de se aventurar no desconhecido.
{{both in terms of security and the fear of venturing into the unknown.}}

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A tripulação e o espaço de carga eram limitados,
{{Crew and cargo space were limited,}}

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uma vez que estas caravelas eram utilizadas para fins exploratórios.
{{since these caravels were used for exploratory purposes.}}

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Mais tarde, foram desenvolvidas caravelas ou naus para satisfazer viagens mais longas
{{Later, caravels or ships were developed to satisfy longer voyages}}

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com a capacidade de transportar mais provisões.
{{with the ability to carry more supplies.}}

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Teria havido 25 a 30 membros da tripulação numa caravela mais pequena,
{{There would have been 25 to 30 crew members on a smaller caravel,}}

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enquanto que as maiores teriam acomodado até uma centena.
{{while the larger ones would have accommodated up to a hundred.}}

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Os marinheiros, muitos dos quais eram rapazes jovens,
{{The sailors, many of whom were young boys,}}

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trabalhavam em quartos e cada grupo navegava durante quatro horas cada um,
{{worked in quarters [shifts] and each group sailed for four hours each,}}

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a menos que o tempo adverso exigisse que todos estivessem de serviço.
{{unless adverse weather required everyone to be on duty.}}

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Havia sempre trabalho a ser feito – limpeza, manutenção e reparações contínuas,
{{There was always work to be done – cleaning, maintenance and ongoing repairs,}}

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com pouco tempo para descanso ou diversão.
{{with little time for rest or fun.}}

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As condições pouco higiénicas quase desafiam a imaginação.
{{The unhygienic conditions almost defy imagination.}}

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As doenças eram abundantes, com muitos a sucumbir à febre, disenteria e escorbuto.
{{Diseases were rife, with many succumbing to fever, dysentery and scurvy.}}

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Tiveram também de enfrentar outros perigos visíveis,
{{They also had to face other apparent dangers,}}

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desde monstros, sereias e quedas de água,
{{from monsters, mermaids, and waterfalls,}}

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a fortes correntes e tempestades e à ameaça de piratas e corsários.
{{to strong currents and storms and the threat of pirates and privateers.}}