Zaimki dzierżawcze w portugalskim

Zaimki dzierżawcze

W tej lekcji, poznamy zaimki dzierżawcze, które oznaczają posiadanie czegoś.
W języku polskim to takie słowa jak: mój, twój, jego, jej, nasz, wasz, ich.

Portugalskie zaimki

W portugalskim, zaimki dzierżawcze to: meu, teu, seu, nosso, vosso, oraz ich żeńskie formy oraz liczba mnoga. Jak zobaczysz poniżej, jest kilka możliwych znaczeń dla każdego zaimka.
Aby wybrać odpowiedni zaimek miej na uwadze:
(1) wybranie formy odpowiedniej dla osoby, która jest w posiadaniu czegoś
(2) odmianę słowa, aby pasowało do rodzaju oraz liczby rzeczownika

Osoba	Zaimek	Polskie tłumaczenie
Eu	o meu / a minha / os meus / as minhas	mój / moja / moje
Tu	o teu / a tua / os teus / as tuas	twój / twoja / twoje
Ele	o seu / a sua / os seus / as suas	jego
Ela	o seu / a sua / os seus / as suas	jej
Você	o seu / a sua / os seus / as suas	Pani / Pana / Państwa
Nós	o nosso / a nossa / os nossos / as nossas	nasz / nasza / nasze
Vocês	o vosso / a vossa / os vossos / as vossas	wasz / wasza / wasze
Eles / Elas	o seu / a sua / os seus / as suas	ich

Rozbijmy to na osoby, aby zobaczyć jak odmieniamy każdy zaimek zależnie od rodzaju i liczby rzeczownika.

Meu, Minha, Meus, Minhas (pierwsza osoba liczby pojedynczej)

Meu używamy do rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego, a minha do rzeczowników rodzaju żeńskiego. Meus i minhas to formy liczby mnogiej od meu i minha. Po polsku odpowiednio “mój”, “moja”, “moje”. Spójrzmy na przykłady:
Foi o meu gato.To był mój kot. Slow audio Play audio
A minha tia deu-me uma prenda.Moja ciotka dała mi prezent. Slow audio Play audio
Os meus cachorrinhos são tão giros!Moje szczenięta są takie słodkie! Slow audio Play audio
Viste as minhas chaves?Widziałeś moje klucze? Slow audio Play audio

Teu, Tua, Teus, Tuas (druga osoba liczby pojedynczej)

Teu używamy do rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego, a tua do rzeczowników rodzaju żeńskiego. Teus i tuas to formy liczby mnogiej od teu i tua. Po polsku odpowiednio “twój”, “twoja”, “twoje”.
Wybierzesz tą formę mówiąc do osoby, która znasz. Kiedy mówisz do osoby, której nie znasz, użyjesz formy você (przykłady w kolejnej sekcji poniżej). Przykłady dla teu(s) i tua(s):
O teu primo é simpático.Twój kuzyn jest sympatyczny. Slow audio Play audio
Aquela senhora é a tua mãe?Tamta pani to twoja mama? Slow audio Play audio
Os teus tios vêm cá jantar.Twoi wujkowie przyjadą na kolację. Slow audio Play audio
Pus as tuas meias a lavar.Włożyłam twoje skarpetki do prania. Slow audio Play audio

Seu, Sua, Seus, Suas* (trzecia osoba liczby pojedynczej i você)

Seu używamy do rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego, a sua do rzeczowników rodzaju żeńskiego. Seus i suas to formy liczby mnogiej od seu i sua. Mogą znaczyć “jego”, “jej”. W poniższych przykładach zakładamy, że on lub ona byli już wspomniani w konwersacji.
O seu sofá é muito confortável.Jej sofa jest bardzo wygodna. Slow audio Play audio
A sua caldeirada de marisco é de morrer.Za jego gulasz z owoców morza można umrzeć. Slow audio Play audio
Os seus sapatos são feitos à mão.Jej buty są ręcznie robione. Slow audio Play audio

Nosso, Nossa, Nossos, Nossas (pierwsza osoba liczby mnogiej)

Nosso używamy do rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego, a nossa do rzeczowników rodzaju żeńskiego. Nossos i nossas to formy liczby mnogiej od nosso i nossa. Ich polskie znaczenie to “nasz”, “nasza”, “nasze”. Przykład:
O nosso irmão está triste.Nasz brat jest smutny. Slow audio Play audio
A nossa casa é fria no Inverno.Nasz dom jest zimny w zimie. Slow audio Play audio
Os nossos carros precisam de ser reparados.Nasze samochody muszą być zreperowane. Slow audio Play audio
As nossas primas foram à Suécia.Nasze kuzynki pojechały do Szwecji. Slow audio Play audio

Vosso, Vossa, Vossos, Vossas (druga osoba liczby mnogiej)

Vosso używamy do rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego, a vossa do rzeczowników rodzaju żeńskiego. Vossos i vossas to formy liczby mnogiej od vosso i vossa. W znaczeniu polskim “wasz”, “wasza”, “wasze”. Przykład:
Arrumem o vosso quarto!Posprzątajcie wasz pokój! Slow audio Play audio
A vossa tia vai ao cinema.Wasza ciotka idzie do kina. Slow audio Play audio
Os vossos casacos estão na sala.Wasze kurtki są w salonie. Slow audio Play audio
Pus tudo nas vossas malas.Włożyłam wszystko do waszych walizek. Slow audio Play audio
W języku portugalskim, vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas, często używa się w odniesieniu do grupy osób. Jest to także nieco archaiczny, ale uprzejmy sposób zwracania się do kogoś z szacunkiem.

Seu, Sua, Seus, Suas* (trzecia osoba liczby mnogiej)

Ah, yes, these possessives again. You see, in Portuguese, third person plural (their) uses the same exact possessive pronouns as third person singular. Just as before, any of these could mean “his”, “her”, “your”(sing.,formal), or “their”. You would need extra context to know for sure. In the examples below, we’ll assume that “they” have just been referenced in the conversation:
O seu carro ficou mal estacionado.Their car wasn’t parked well. Slow audio Play audio
A sua casa é muito acolhedora.Their house is very cosy. Slow audio Play audio
Os seus filhos são adolescentes.Their children are teenagers. Slow audio Play audio
As suas primas eram de Aljezur.Their cousins were from Aljezur. Slow audio Play audio
*Confusing right? Don’t worry… Later in the Possessives unit, we will also look at another more common way of forming 3rd person possessives, which is much less ambiguous!

Rodzajniki określone & Zaimki

You may have noticed that sometimes a definite article (o, a, os, as) is used before a possessive (o meu, as minhas, etc.) and other times, the definite article is omitted (meu, minha, etc.). There are different guidelines depending on the role the possessive word plays in the sentence.
This is a lot to remember, so here’s a condensed overview first before we dive into the details. This overview won’t cover every exception, but when in doubt, you can get through most contexts by remembering:

- Possessive determiners usually require a definite article
- Possessive pronouns usually do not require a definite article

(except when they start a sentence)

Use the definite article when you want to emphasize a specific thing out of a group of things (i.e. THIS one is my book, not that one). It’s almost as if you’re saying “this is the one that is mine” rather than just “this is mine”.
You can drop the definite article if the emphasis is on the possession itself (i.e. This is MY book, not your book), or if there is no special emphasis. (This is quite common!)

Kiedy używać rodzajników określonych z zaimkami

Now we’ll get into the details a bit more to provide a full overview. Feel free to skip the rest of this Learning Note for now since this is a fairly minor detail for a beginner. You can always come back to it later.

Possessive determiners in Portuguese generally precede the noun in a sentence, similar to the English words my, your, his, her, their, and our, as in o meu livro (my book), etc. Possessive determiners usually require a definite article (o, a, os, as), as in:
- Perdi as minhas chaves.I lost my keys. Slow audio Play audio
It’s important to use an article when the emphasis of the sentence is on distinguishing a specific item from a group of items:
- Este é o seu livro. O meu livro ficou ali.This is your book. My book is over there. Slow audio Play audio

We’ll see some exceptions in the next section.

Kiedy można pominąć rodzajnik określony z zaimkiem

Possessive pronouns in Portuguese replace a noun in a sentence, just like the words mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, and ours do in English, as in O livro é meu (The book is mine), etc. Possessive pronouns usually do not require a definite article (o, a, os, as), except at the start of sentences, e.g. O meu é azul (Mine is blue).
An article is not required when the emphasis of the sentence is on the possession itself.
- Os sapatos são meusThe shoes are mine Slow audio Play audio – I simply want to express that the shoes belong to me, rather than distinguish this particular pair of shoes from a group of shoes.
- Aqueles casacos são teusThose coats are yours Slow audio Play audio
An article is not required when the possessive modifies “this” or a number. The meaning in these types of sentences is similar to “This thing of mine” or “Four things of mine”.
- Esta casa minha é antigaThis house (of) mine is old Slow audio Play audio
An article is not required when a possessive determiner appears right after the noun. This is common in contexts that are more “undefined” (i.e. they are more general statements with no special emphasis):
- Um amigo meu vai almoçar comigoMy friend is going to have lunch with me – i.e. A friend of mine, the particular person is not identified/emphasized
- Aguardo notícias tuasI await your(sing.,inf.) news, I look forward to hearing from you(sing.,inf.) – Not specifying any particular type of news, just that I am looking forward to news from you
It’s not required, but sometimes the article is omitted after the verb ser:
- Eles são nossos vizinhosThey are our neighbours
- As mentioned previously, here the determiner can appear either before or after the noun: Eles são vizinhos nossosThey are our neighbours, They are neighbours of ours
Omit the article if the phrase has a vocative function. (In other words, when you are using the possessive phrase to speak directly to someone.)
- Meu amigo, é preciso calma!My friend, stay calm! Slow audio Play audio
Omit the article if the phrase functions as an appositive. (An appositive is a word or phrase that renames or identifies the initial noun. You usually see it between two commas.)
- Pedro, seu irmão, chamou-o.Pedro, his brother, called him. Slow audio Play audio
In contrast to European Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese often omits possessive determiners in other situations as well.

Przykłady

Let’s look at a few more examples to help you understand how to use possessive pronouns and determiners in Portuguese.

Example Set 1

- Eles são meus filhosThey are my children Slow audio Play audio
  - Use meus because filhos is masculine, plural.
  - No definite article because you’re simply stating that these people are children of yours, with no special emphasis. It’s possible that you have more children aside from the ones you’re talking about at the moment.

- Eles são os meus filhosTHEY are my children
  - Include the definite article here because you’re stressing that these particular kids are your children. Maybe you’ve talked about them before and finally have a chance to introduce them, or maybe there are more children around and you want to clearly identify which ones are yours. With this wording, you may also be implying that these are all the children you have.

Example Set 2
- Fui almoçar com a minha famíliaI went to lunch with my family
  - Use minha because família is feminine, singular
  - Include the definite article because you want to emphasize that it’s your immediate family, i.e. you’re referring to a specific set of people.
- Fui almoçar com familiares meusI went to lunch with my relatives
  - Use meus because familiares is masculine, plural
  - No definite article because there’s no special emphasis. It’s just generally some relatives of mine, and could be anyone, not just a certain subset of family members.
Example Set 3
- Esta casa é minhaThis house is MINE Slow audio Play audio
  - Use minha because casa is singular, feminine.
  - The focus is on the fact that I own the house, not you or somebody else. The definite article is not required here.
- Esta casa é a minhaTHIS house is mine Slow audio Play audio
  - The focus here is on distinguishing a particular house from the others. The definite article is used here to show that along this street of many houses, this particular one is mine.

Więcej lekcji

We’ll cover each of these possessives in more detail throughout this unit and let you practice in the intervening lessons. Just to give you an preview of what’s to come, here are the topics we’ll cover:

Introduction to Possessives